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Typical 20th century reaper, a tractor-drawn machine A reaper is a or person that (cuts and often also gathers) at when they are ripe. Usually the crop involved is a grass. The first documented reaping machines were Gallic reaper that was used in modern-day France during Roman times.
The Gallic reaper involved a comb which collected the heads, with an operator knocking the grain into a box for later. Most modern mechanical reapers cut the; most also gather it, either by it or picking it up. Modern machines that not only cut and gather the grass but also its seeds (the ), the grain, and deliver it to a truck or wagon it are called or simply combines; they are the engineering descendants of earlier reapers. Is harvested somewhat differently from grain; in modern, the machine that cuts the grass is called a hay or, if integrated with a, a mower-conditioner. As a, cutting of both grain and hay may be called reaping, involving, and, followed by differing downstream steps. Traditionally all such cutting could be called reaping, although a distinction between reaping of grain grasses and mowing of hay grasses has long existed; it was only after a decade of attempts at combined grain reaper/hay mower machines (1830s to 1840s) that designers of mechanical implements began resigning them to separate classes. Mechanical reapers substantially changed agriculture from their appearance in the 1830s until the 1860s through 1880s, when they evolved into related machines, often called by different names (self-raking reaper, harvester, grain binder, binder), that collected and bound the of grain with.
Today reapers and grain binders have been largely replaced by combines in commercial farming, but some smaller farms still use them. A reaper cutting in Germany in 1949 Hand reaping is done by various means, including plucking the ears of grains directly by hand, cutting the grain stalks with a, cutting them with a, or a scythe fitted with a. Reaping is usually distinguished from, which uses similar implements, but is the traditional term for cutting grass for hay, rather than reaping. The stiffer, dryer of the cereal plants and the greener grasses for hay usually demand different blades on the machines.
The reaped grain stalks are gathered into (bunches), tied with string or with a twist of straw. Several sheaves are then leant against each other with the ears off the ground to dry out, forming a.
After drying, the sheaves are gathered from the field and stacked, being placed with the ears inwards, then covered with or a; this is called a stack or rick. In the a rick of sheaves is traditionally called a corn rick, to distinguish it from a hay rick ('corn' in retains its older of ' generally, not '). Ricks are made in an area inaccessible to livestock, called a rick-yard or stack-yard.
The corn-rick is later broken down and the sheaves to separate the grain from the straw. Collecting spilt grain from the field after reaping is called, and is traditionally done either by hand, or by penning animals such as or onto the field. Hand reaping is now rarely done in industrialized countries, but is still the normal method where machines are unavailable or where access for them is limited (such as on narrow terraces). The more or less skeletal figure of a reaper with a scythe – known as the 'Grim Reaper' – is a common in many Western traditions and cultures. In this metaphor, death harvests the living, like a farmer harvests the crops. Mechanical reaping A mechanical reaper or reaping machine is a mechanical, semi-automated device that harvests crops. Mechanical reapers and their descendant machines have been an important part of and a main feature of.
Mechanical reapers in the U.S. The 19th century saw several inventors in the United States claim innovation in mechanical reapers.The various designs competed with each other, and were the subject of several lawsuits. In Ohio patented a reaper in 1833, the Hussey Reaper. Made in, Hussey's design was a major improvement in reaping efficiency. The new reaper only required two working in a non-strenuous manner, a man to work the machine, and another person to drive. In addition, the Hussey Reaper left an even and clean surface after its use. Reaper at a presentation in Virginia The McCormick Reaper was designed by in,.
However, Robert became frustrated when he was unable to perfect his new device. His son Cyrus asked for permission to try to complete his father's project. With permission granted, the McCormick Reaper was patented by his son in 1834 as a horse-drawn farm implement to cut small crops. This McCormick reaper machine had several special elements:. a main wheel frame. projected to the side a platform containing a cutter bar having fingers through which reciprocated a knife driven by a crank.
upon the outer end of the platform was a divider projecting ahead of the platform to separate the grain to be cut from that to be left standing. a reel was positioned above the platform to hold the grain against the reciprocating knife to throw it back upon the platform.
the machine was drawn by a team walking at the side of the grain. Cyrus McCormick claimed that his reaper was actually invented in 1831, giving him the true claim to the general design of the machine. Over the next few decades the Hussey and McCormick reapers would compete with each other in the marketplace, despite being quite similar. By the 1850's, the original patents of both Hussey and McCormick had expired and many other manufacturers put similar machines on the market. In 1861, the issued a ruling on the invention of the polarizing reaper design. It was determined that the money made from reapers was in large part due to Obed Hussey.
Shugert, the acting commissioner of patents, declared that Hussey's improvements were the foundation of their success. It was ruled that the heirs of Obed Hussey would be monetarily compensated for his hard work and innovation by those who had made money from the reaper. It was also ruled that McCormick's reaper patent would be renewed for another 7 years.
Although the McCormick reaper was a revolutionary innovation for the harvesting of crops, it did not experience mainstream success and acceptance until at least 20 years after it was patented by Cyrus McCormick. This was because the McCormick reaper lacked a quality unique to Obed Hussey's reaper. Hussey's reaper used a sawlike cutter bar that cut stalks far more effectively than McCormick's. Only once Cyrus McCormick was able to acquire the rights to Hussey's cutter-bar mechanism (around 1850) did a truly revolutionary machine emerge. Other factors in the gradual uptake of mechanized reaping included natural cultural conservatism among farmers (proven tradition versus new and unknown machinery); the poor state of many new farm fields, which were often littered with rocks, stumps, and areas of uneven soil, making the lifespan and operability of a reaping machine questionable; and some amount of fearful among farmers that the machine would take away jobs, most especially among hired. Another strong competitor in the industry was the Manny Reaper by and the companies that succeeded him.
Even though McCormick has sometimes been simplistically credited as the sole 'inventor' of the, a more accurate statement is that he independently reinvented aspects of it, created a crucial original integration of enough aspects to make a successful whole, and benefited from the influence of more than two decades of work by his father, as well as the aid of Jo Anderson, a slave held by his family. Reapers in the late 19th and 20th century. Horse-drawn reaper in in 1941 After the first reapers were developed and patented, other slightly different reapers were distributed by several manufacturers throughout the world.
The Champion (Combined) Reapers and Mowers, produced by the group ( Champion Machine Company, later Warder, Bushnell & Glessner, absorbed in 1902) in in the second half of the 19th century, were highly successful in the 1880s in the United States. Springfield is still known as 'The Champion City'. Generally, reapers developed into the 1872 invented, which reaped the crop and bound it into sheaves. By 1896, 400,000 reaper-binders were estimated to be harvesting grain. (number for the US only?) This was in turn replaced by the and eventually the, which reaps and threshes in one operation.
In agriculture reapers were – together with reaper-binders – common machines until the mid-20th century. References. Chuksin, Petr. History of Gallic Reaper., pp. 59–60., pp. 67–72. ^ Follet L.
Colman, Gould P. 'Innovation and Diffusion in Agriculture'. Agricultural History. Cyrus Hall McCormick. Improvement in Machines for Reaping Small Grain: Cyrus H. McCormick, June 21, 1834. Daniel, Gross (August 1997).
Forbes Greatest Business Stories of All Time (First ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 'Agricultural Machinery in the 1800's'. 75 (4): 74–76. July 25, 1896. Canine, Craig. Dream Reaper: The Story of an Old-Fashioned Inventor in the High-Tech, High-Stakes World of Modern Agriculture.
New York: Alfred A. Olmstead, Alan L. 'The Mechanization of Reaping and Mowing in American Agriculture'.
The Journal of Economic History. 35 (2): 327. Pripps, Robert N.; Morland, Andrew (photographer) (1993), Farmall Tractors: History of International McCormick-Deering Farmall Tractors, Farm Tractor Color History Series, Osceola, WI, USA: MBI, p. 5 February 2013.
Retrieved 22 April 2015. Ohio History Central. Retrieved 2012-08-04. Bibliography Works Cited. McCormick, Cyrus Hall, III (1931), Houghton Mifflin,. Further reading. Hutchinson, William T.
(1930), 1, Century Company,. Hutchinson, William T. (1930), 2, Century Company,. Winder, Gordon M.
(2016) 2013, Routledge,. External links has original text related to this article.